Ukukhetha okulungileplywoodkubalulekile kunoma yiliphi iphrojekthi yokwakha noma yokusebenza ngokhuni, ikakhulukazi lapho usebenza nomswakama. Le ndatshana ifisa emhlabeni weplywood, ukuhlola nomaI-Marine grade Plywoodngempela-ngenamampulosofuthi kwehluke kanjaniIzinhlobo zePlywoodSukuma ezimeni ezimanzi. Ukuqonda ama-nuances weplywoodAmabanga azokusiza ukuthi ukhethephlylokho-hle kakhuluNgezidingo zakho, ukuqinisekisa ukuqina nokusebenza. Qhubeka ufunda ukuze uDemystifyIngaphandle Plywood, Marine Ply, futhi nokuningi!
Kuyini i-plywood futhi kungani kukhona amamaki ahlukile we-plywood?
Inhliziyo yayo,plywoodkuyinto eguquguqukayoIzinto zokwakha -vele ngabakwaNgokulandela amashidi amancanyana okhuni, abizwaowengeluzwe, futhi bazihlanganise kanyekanye-namathelayo. Cabanga ngakho njenge-sandwich enamandla kakhulu, enezitho zombili ezenziwe ngokhuni! Isihluthulelo samandla aso sikhona ngendlela leziowengeluzweKuhlelwe izingqimba. Okusanhlamvu ngakunye kuyaqhuba okuhlangenwe nakho kwezendlalelo ngaphezulu nangaphansi kwalo. Lokhu kusola okusondela kukhuphuka kakhuluamandla nokuqinayeplywood, Ukwenza kube mancane amathuba okuba kwehla noma kuhlukaniswe uma kuqhathaniswa nokhuni oluqinile.
Kepha kungani kuhlukileIbanga PlywoodIzinketho? Kahle, njengathi awona wonke amahembe ezenziwe ngomcimbi ofanayo, hhayi wonkeplywoodyenzelwe umsebenzi ofanayo. Le khasiIbanga lePlywoodkukhombisa kwayoisimo, ukubukeka, kanye nokufaneleka kwezicelo ezithile. Lawa mabanga abheka inani nosayizi weifindoizimbobo, ukulungiswa, nezinye iziphambeko ezingaphezulungaphambili kwe-plywoodnokuthi imbonikubhekiswa emuva. Isibonelo, ubungeke udingeIkhwalithi ephezulu kakhuluI-Plywood enendawo ephelele yesakhi esifihliwe. Yilapho kuhlukile khonaIzinhlobo zePlywoodsebenza, unikeze amazinga ahlukahlukene weisimoFuthi izici ukufanisa izidingo ezahlukahlukene kanye nezabelomali. Njenge-umthumelikwehlukahlukeneplywoodimikhiqizo, kufaka phakathiIsakhiwo Plywoodna-I-Plywood engahlelekile, siyakuqonda ukubaluleka kokunikeza auhla olubanzi lwekhwalithiUkuhlangabezana nezidingo zamakhasimende ethu njengoMark Thompson e-USA.
Kusho ukuthini ukuthi "i-materproof" empeleni kusho ukuthi lapho ekhuluma nge-plywood?
Manje, ake sibhekane nombuzo omkhulu: Kwenzani-ngenamampulosoempeleni kusho ukuthi lapho sikhuluma ngakhoplywood? Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi ngisho kakhului-plywood engavikeli amanziakunakungenwa ngokupheleleamanzi isikhathi esideizikhathi, ikakhulukazi umaungene emanzini emanzini. Esikhundleni salokho, lapho sithiI-Plywood ayinamali, ngokuvamile sisho ukuthi inezinga eliphakeme kakhulu leUkumelana Namanzi, ngiyabonga kuI-glue wantproofkusetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisaowengeluzweizingqimba. LeliUkunamathelisa amanzi, imvamisa aphengolresin, vimbelaUmswakama wokubonaphakathi kwezendlalelo nokubangela ukuba bahlanze noma bahlukane.
Cabanga ngawo njengokuthi "kakhuluabanakumelana namanzi"Esikhundleni 'esingenakufinyeleleka ngokuphelele." Lokhu kumelana kuvumelaplywoodkwa-melana na-ngezikhathi ezithile izikhala,ukuswakama, nokuchayeka isikhathi eside ezimweni ezinzima ngaphandle komonakalo omkhulu. Noma kunjalo, nomaI-Marine grade Plywood, ngenkathi yenzelwe inseleleIzicelo zeMarine, awenzelwe ukuvela njalo, ukuhambisa okuqondile. Igama elithi "materproof" kumongo weplywoodimvamisa isho ikhono layo lokukhuthazelela okubalulekileUkuchayeka kumswakamangaphandle kokulahlekelwa ubuqotho bayo obuhle. Lesi isici esibalulekile seAmaphrojekthi wokwakhalaphoplywoodlokhu okuhlanganisiwe akutholakalangakuvezwe umswakamanoma izakhi.
I-Marine grade Plywood: Isilinganiso segolide sokufaka imali manzi?
Uma kukhulunywaI-Plyproof Plywood, I-Marine grade Plywoodkuvame ukuhlotshwa njengompetha. Futhi ngesizathu esihle! LeliUhlobo lwe-plywoodi-njiniyela ngqomelana nezimo zezulu ezinzimafuthi isikhathi esideUkuchayeka emanzini, ukukwenza kube ukukhetha okuthandwayoisakhiwo sesikebhenokunye okufunwayoIzicelo zeMarine. Le khasiIgama liphakamisaukusetshenziswa kwayo okuyinhloko, kepha okuhlukile kwayoUkumelana Namanzikwenza baluleke kwezinye izindawo.
Kepha yini ngempela eyenza ibe indinganiso yegolide?Marine Plywoodkwenziwa kusetshenziswa okuhlala isikhathi esideI-Hardwood owengeluzwefuthi unamandla amakhulu,-ngenamampuloso phengol -namathelayo. Kukhiqizwe futhi kuzinga eliphakeme elinezikhala ezimbalwa kakhulu ezibalulekile, okusho ukuthi kukhona izikhala ezimbalwa ngaphakathi kweplywoodLapho amanzi anganqwabelana khona futhi adale umonakalo. Lo lungiselelo olizolisayo liqinisekisa lokhoUMarine Plywood uhlalauzinzile futhi uqine noma ungaguquguquki njalokuvezwe emanzinina-ukuswakama. Ngenkathi kufika ku-premium, ophakemeukuqinana-Ukumelana Namanziiwa-I-Marine grade PlywoodKwenze kube ngukutshala imali okusebenzayo kwamaphrojekthi lapho isikhathi eside kanye nokumelana nakhoUkulimala kwamanzizibaluleke kakhulu.
Nasi isithombe seMarine Plywood:
Yini eyenza i-Marine Plywood engavikeli amanzi angenamanzi kunezinye izinhlobo ze-plywood?
Kunezici eziningana ezibangela ophakemeUkumelana Namanziiwa-Marine Plywoodqhathanisa nezinyeIzinhlobo zePlywood:
- Ama-veneers asezingeni eliphakeme: Marine Plywoodkuvame ukwakhiwa kusukaI-Hard-density HardwoodIzinhlobo ezinjenge-Douglas fir noma i-okoume. LeziIzinhlobo zokhuningokwemvelo bamelana kakhulu nomswakama futhi ukubola kuneKuxubile ukukhanya okuqinilekuvame ukusetshenziswa ku-plywood ejwayelekile. Le khasiIkhwalithi ye-votenersIlawulwa ngokuqinile, iqinisekisa ukuthi ayinazo iziphambeko ezingabeka phansi ukumelana kwamanzi.
- Ukunamathelisa amanzi:Le khasi-namathelayoisetshenziswe ngaphakathiMarine Plywoodiprimiyamuphengoli-resin-based glue. Lolu hlobo lwe-namathelayokwakha okuqinile kakhulu futhi-ngenamampulosoisibopho phakathi kweowengeluzweIzendlalelo, Ukuvimbelaniselakusuka ekubonaneni.
- Zimbalwa izikhalazo ze-Core:Ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza, kuthathwa ukunakekelwa okwengeziwe ukunciphisa noma ukuqeda ama-corove voids - izikhala noma izikhala ngaphakathi kweplywoodCore. Lezi void zingabamba umswakama futhi ziholele ekuboleni nasekunciphiseni kwe-plywood. Marine Plywoodinokulinganiselwa okuqinile kulawa vele, ithuthukise ukumelana kwayo kuyoUkulimala kwamanzi. Ezinye zekhwalithi ephezuluMarine PlywoodNgisho nanamathela kumaBritish Standard BS 1088, abeka izidingo eziqinile zokwakhiwa nokusebenza kwalo.
Lezi zici zihlangana ukwenzaMarine Plywood-mangazayoihlala isikhathi eside futhi engangeni manzi, okwaziukumelanaisikhathi esideUkuchayeka kumswakamakanye nokungenisa ngezikhathi ezithile ngaphandle kokuwohloka okukhulu.
Ingaphandle Plywood vs. Marine Plywood: Uyini umehluko nokuthi kufanele usebenzise nini ngamunye?
Ngenkathi bobabiliIngaphandle Plywoodna-Marine Plywoodzenzelwe ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni lapho zingaba khonakuvezwe emanzini, Kunokwehluka okubalulekile okubhekisayo lapho kufanele ukhethe eyodwa ngaphezulu kolunye.
Ingaphandle Plywood:LeliUhlobo lwe-plywoodyenziwa ngeI-glue wantproof, ukuvumelamelana na-ngezikhathi ezithile zimanzi futhiukuswakama. Kuyindlela enhle yeIzicelo zangaphandlenjengokuhlanza, ama-soffits, nezinyeifenisha yangaphandle. Kodwa-ke, akwenzelwe ukuqhubekaUkuchayeka emanzininoma ukuhanjiswa. Le khasiowengeluzweikhwalithi imvamisa iphansi kunaleyoMarine Plywood, futhi kungaqukatha ama-voids aphezulu.
Marine Plywood:Njengoba kuxoxwe,Marine Plywoodisebenzisa ibanga eliphakemeI-Hardwood owengeluzwe, ophakemeUkunamathelisa amanzi, futhi inama-afrify asezingeni eliphansi. Lokhu kwenza kube ngaphezulu kakhuluabanakumelana namanzifuthi ihlala isikhathi eside, ilungele ukufunwaIzicelo zeMarinethandaUkwakha isikebhe, ama-docks, nezinye izinhlaka ezizoxhumana njalo namanzi. Kuyindlela enhle kakhulu yezindawo eziphakeme zomswakama ezifanazokugezelana-amakhekheyolapho ufuna ukuvikelwa okuphezuluUkulimala kwamanzi.
Cabanga ngakho ngale ndlela:Ingaphandle PlywoodKufana ne-raincoat - ingaphatha imvula ethile.Marine Plywoodkufana nesudi yokudonswa - yakhelwe ukubaungene emanzini emanzini. Umehluko wezindleko ukhombisa leli zinga lokuvikelwa. Kumaphrojekthi lapho amanziUkuchayeka kumswakamakuyinto ebalulekile, kepha hhayi ukuhanjiswa njalo,Ingaphandle Plywoodkungaba inketho engabizi kakhulu. Noma kunjalo, ngokwengeziweUkumelana Namanzina-ukuqina, ikakhulukazi ngaphakathiIzicelo zeMarinenoma izindawo ezinokuphakama ngokungaguqukiukuswakama, Marine Plywoodukhetho oluphakeme. Sivame ukuncomaMarine Plywoodngamaphrojekthi adinga izinga eliphakeme kakhulu leamandla nokuqinangokumelene nomswakama.
Nasi isithombe sangaphandle plywood:
Amanye amamaki weplywood angathathwa njengempi? Ukuhlola amamaki we-BWR ne-BWP.
PhambiliMarine Plywood, kukhona ezinyeIbanga PlywoodIzinketho ezinikeza ezibalulekileUkumelana Namanzi. Amagama amabili ajwayelekile ozohlangana nawoBwr plywoodna-Bwp plywood.
- I-BWR Plywood (ukumelana kwamanzi abilayo):Njenge-Igama liphakamisa, Ibanga le-BWR plywoodwelashwamelana na-Amanzi abilayo isikhathi esithile, ngokuvamile cishe amahora angu-8. Lokhu kukhombisa izinga eliphakeme leUkumelana NamanziNgenxa yeUkunamathelisa amanziisetshenziswe ekwakhiweni kwayo.Bwr plywoodkuyindlela ethandwayo yezicelo laphoplywoodngizokuvezwe umswakama noma umswakama, njengokuthiAmakhishi nezindlu zokugezela, nomaIzicelo zangaphandlelapho kungahlangana khona imvula.
- I-BWP Plywood (Ubufakazi Bamanzi Bokubilisa):Ngenkathi igama lisho ukuthi liphelele-ngenamampuloso, Ibanga le-BWP plywood, njengeMarine Plywood, kuchazwe ngokunembe kakhudlwana ngokuthiabanakumelana namanzi. Ibanga le-BWPngokuvamile kuhlolwa ngisho nokuhlolwa okuqinile ukwedlulaIbanga le-BWR, kuvame ukubandakanya ukubilisa isikhathi eside (e.g., amahora angama-72). Lokhu kukhombisa izinga eliphakeme leUkumelana Namanzifuthi kwenza ilungele ukufunwaIzicelo zangaphandlenezindawo ezinamazinga aphezulu omswakama.Marine Plywoodkuvame ukuhlangana noma kudluleIbanga le-BWPamazinga.
KokubiliBwr plywoodna-Bwp plywoodnikeza amazinga amahle weUkumelana Namanzifuthi zingezindlela ezifaneleMarine PlywoodKumaphrojekthi amaningi lapho ukuhanjiswa okuqhubekayo akusona isidingo. NiniUkukhetha kwesokudla plywood yephrojekthi yakho, cabanga izinga leUkuchayeka kumswakamaizobhekana.
Ngaphandle kwesakhiwo sesikebhe: Yikuphi ukusetshenziswa okuvamile kweMarine Plywood?
Ngenkathi yayoIgama liphakamisaIsicelo sayo sokuqala, esihlukileUkumelana Namanzina-ukuqinaiwa-Marine PlywoodKwenze kube yiguguIzinto ezisetshenziselwaKumaphrojekthi ahlukahlukene aphesheyaisakhiwo sesikebhe. Ikhono layomelana na- Izimo Zesimo sezulu Esibifuthi isikhathi esideUkuchayeka kumswakamaIvula amathuba amaningi:
- Amadokodo nama-Piers:Ngenxa yokuxhumana njalo namanzi,Marine Plywoodilungele ukwakha ama-docks, ama-piers, nezinye izakhiwo zamanzi.
- Ifenisha yangaphandle:Ingomaneifenisha yangaphandlelokho kudinga ukumelana nemvula, umswakama kanye nelanga,Marine Plywoodinikeza ubude obukhulu obukhulu uma kuqhathaniswa ne-standardIngaphandle Plywood.
- Igumbi lokugezela kanye nokwakhiwa kwekhishi:Ezindaweni ezithambekele kumswakama futhi zisebenzisa, zisebenzisaMarine PlywoodOkwezigatshana, amakhabethe, noma ngisho namaphaneli odonga anikeza isivikelo esihle kakhuluUkulimala kwamanzi.
- Isiginali:Izimpawu zangaphandle ezenziweMarine Plywoodizokwenqaba ukuphahlazeka nokuhlekisa ngenxaizimo zezulu.
- Ukusebenza kokhonkolo:Ngenkathi ukhethekilengokwakhaIkhona,Marine Plywoodingasetshenziselwa futhiUkusebenza kokhonkoloNgenxa yayoukuqinakanye nokumelana nomswakama. -KwethuYenza i-F17 yakhayenzelwe ngqo le njongo.
- Izindawo eziphakeme zomswakama:Noma yisiphi isakhiwo noma isakhi esizoguquguqukakuvezwe umswakama noma umswakama, njengasezindlini zokugcina izithombo noma ezindlini zokubhukuda, kungazuza ekusebenziseniMarine Plywood.
Ukuguquguquka kwe-Marine Plywoodzivela ekusebenzeni kwayo okuthembekile ezindaweni eziyinselele. Ngenkathi kungenzeka kube nezindleko eziphakeme eziphambili, isikhathi eside nokumelana kwayo kanye nokumelana nayoUkulimala kwamanziImvamisa ingakwenza kube ukukhetha okungabizi kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwamaphrojekthiAmaphrojekthi adalulwekuma umswakama obalulekile.
Nasi isithombe sesikebhe esakhiwe nge-Marine Plywood:
Ungakubona kanjani i-Plywoof esezingeni eliphakeme engenamanzi kusuka kumphakeli othembekile?
Ukukhetha kwesokudla plywood for olandelayo wakhoIphrojekthi ibalulekile, ikakhulukazi laphoUkumelana Namanzikuyinto ebalulekile. Nawa amanye amathiphu wokukusiza ekuboneni okuphezulu-ikhwalithi plywoodkusuka kuthembekileumthumeli:
- Bheka isitembu sebanga:Funa isitembu kuplywoodlokho kukhombisa ngokusobala ibanga layo (e.g.,Indlu yamaamane, Ngaphandle, Umngani, I-BWP). IngomaneMarine Plywood, Qinisekisa ukuthi ihlangabezana namazinga akwamukelekayo afana ne-BS 1088.
- Hlola ikhwalithi ye-veneer:Ikhwalithi ephezuluI-Plyproof Plywood, ikakhulukaziI-Marine grade Plywood, uzoba nobushelelezi, uqineowengeluzweIzendlalelo ezinokuncaneifindoizimbobo noma ukulungiswa. Le khasiowengeluzwekufanele kwenziweI-HardwoodingomaneMarine Ply.
- Funa ukufana:Le khasiplywoodkufanele ube nobukhulu obungaguquki kanye nendawo ebushelelezi. Ukungalingani kungakhombisa ukukhiqiza okungekuhle noma izikhala zangaphakathi.
- Buza nge-Adhesive:Buza ngohlobo lwe-namathelayoisetshenzisiwe.Marine Plywoodna-Ibanga le-BWPkufanele isebenzise a-ngenamampuloso phengoli-resin-based glue.Ibanga le-BWRfuthi isebenzisaabanakumelana namanzianamathela.
- Cabanga ngomthombo:Thenga eyakhoplywoodkusuka ekuhlonipheniabahlinzekiNgubani onganikeza imininingwane ngenqubo yokukhiqiza kanye nezitifiketi. Njenge-Ifektri enakekela imikhiqizo yezinkuni enobunjiniyela, Sibeka phambili ukucaca kanye nekhwalithi.
- Cela isitifiketi:Cela izitifiketi ezifanele, njenge-FSC (umkhandlu wabaphathi bezinhlangu) zokhuni olunemininingwane ethobekile noma i-CARB (I-California Air Resoursoard Board) Ukuhambisana kokukhishwa kwe-formaldehyde, ikakhulukazi uma ukhathazekile ngomthelela wezemvelo.
Ngokuhlola ngokucophelelaplywoodnokukhetha othembekileumthumeli, ungaqinisekisa ukuthi uthola ikhwalithi ephezulu,abanakumelana namanziUmkhiqizo ohlangabezana nezidingo zephrojekthi yakho.
Ungaphinde uvikele kanjani i-plywood ukuze uthuthukise izakhiwo zayo ezingangenzi manzi?
Noma ngeI-Plyproof PlywoodthandaI-Marine grade Plywood, ukuthatha izinyathelo ezengeziwe zokuvikela kungaphinde kwandise isikhathi sayo sokuphila nokukhulisa ukumelana kwaso kuyeUkulimala kwamanzi, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezifunwayo. Nazi izindlela ezijwayelekile:
- Ukubekwa uphawu uphawu:Ukusebenzisa i-searant esezingeni eliphakeme noma i-varnish kudala isithiyo esivikelayo ebusweni beplywood, ukuvimbelaUmswakama wokubonaehlathini. Khetha ama-sealants aklanyelwe ngokuqondileIzicelo zangaphandlenomaIzicelo zeMarine.
- Ukupenda:Ijazi elihle lopende ongaphandle libuye linikeze ungqimba lokuvikelwa kumswakama kanye nezinto. Qinisekisa ukuthi wonke amaphethelo nezindawo eziphakeme zipendwe kahle.
- Ukubekwa uphawu okunqenqemeni:Imiphetho yeplywoodzisengozini ikakhulukazi yokungena komswakama. Sebenzisa i-sealant ekhethekile ephakeme ukuvikela amanzi kusuka ekuwineni kuya emgogodleni.
- Umoya omncaneEzikhaleni ezivalekile, qinisekisa umoya omncane wokufaka umoya omncane ukunciphisa amazinga omswakama, anganciphisa ubungozi bezinkinga ezihlobene nomswakama.
- Ukuhlolwa okujwayelekile nokulungiswa:Ngezikhathi ezithile hlola okwakhoplywoodIzakhiwo zanoma yiziphi izimpawu zomonakalo, njengokuqhekeka noma ukubopha i-sealant, futhi zibhekane nazo ngokushesha.
Lezi zinyathelo ezingezekile zokuvikela zingathuthukisa kakhulu isikhathi eside nokusebenza kwakhoplywood, ikakhulukazi ezimweni lapho izoba khona ngokungaguquguqukikuvezwe emanzininomaIzimo Zesimo sezulu Esibi.
Ukukhetha uhlobo olufanele lwe-plywood engangeni manzi yephrojekthi yakho ethile.
I-plywood isetshenziswaNgezicelo eziningi eziningi, futhiUkukhetha kwesokudlaUhlobo lubalulekile empumelelweni. Uma kukhulunywaUkumelana Namanzi, cabanga ngokucophelela izimfuno ezithile zephrojekthi yakho:
- Kumaphrojekthi anokuxhumana kwamanzi okuhlala njalo (e.g. izikebhe, ama-docks): I-Marine grade Plywoodyi-Izinto ezisetshenziselwaNgenxa yophakeme wayoUkumelana Namanzina-ukuqina.
- Amaphrojekthi angaphandle ane-wetting ngezikhathi ezithile (e.g., i-siding, ifenisha yangaphandle): Ingaphandle PlywoodnomaBwr plywoodingafaneleka, inikezela ngebhalansi yezindleko futhiUkumelana Namanzi.
- Okwezindawo eziphakeme kakhulu zomswakama (e.g., izindlu zokugeza, amakhishi): Bwr plywoodnoma ngishoMarine Plywoodinganikeza ukuvikela okudingekayoUmswakama kanye nomswakama.
- Ngezakhiwo zesikhashana noma izinhlelo zokusebenza lapho kulindelwe khona okuthile kwamanzi: Ibanga le-BWR plywoodkungaba inketho engabizi kakhulu.
Cabanga ngezinga leUkuchayeka kumswakama, izidingo zesakhiwo, nesabelomali sakho lapho senza isinqumo sakho. Ukuqonda umehluko phakathiIzinhlobo zePlywoodIzokusiza ukhethe inketho efanelekile futhi engabizi kakhulu yezidingo zakho ezithile. Khumbula ukugxila kukaMark Thompson ku-Ikhwalithi nentengo yokuncintisana lapho wenza ukukhetha kwakho. Sinikeza uhla lweplywoodimikhiqizo, kufaka phakathiIfilimu libhekene nePlywood, enikeza indawo eqinile yezinhlelo zokusebenza ezifunwayo.
Ekuphetheni:
- I-Marine grade Plywoodinikeza izinga eliphakeme kakhulu leUkumelana NamanziNgenxa yekhwalithi ephezuluowengeluzwe, Ukunamathelisa amanzi, kanye nama-aveni amancane aphansi.
- Ngenkathi kungenjalo ngokuphelele-ngenamampulosongomqondo wokungabonakali,Marine Plywood-ithinimelana na-isikhathi esideUkuchayeka emanzini, okwenza kube kuhleIzicelo zeMarine.
- Ingaphandle Plywoodna-Ibanga le-BWR / BWP plywoodnikeza okuhleUkumelana NamanziNgokufunwa okuncaneIzicelo zangaphandlekanye nezindawo eziphakeme kakhulu zomswakama.
- Ngaso sonke isikhathi cabanga ngokuqondileUkuchayeka kumswakamaIphrojekthi yakho izobhekana nalaphoUkukhetha kwesokudla Uhlobo lwe-plywood.
- Ukuthenga okuvela kuthembekileumthumelikanye nokuthatha izindlela zokuvikela ezingaphezulu kungathuthukisa futhi-ngenamampulosoizakhiwo zakhoplywood.
Ngokuqonda ama-nuances weplywoodamamaki nawokwaboUkumelana NamanziAmakhono, ungakhetha ngokuqinisekakwesokudla plywoodKuphrojekthi yakho, ukuqinisekisa isikhathi eside kwayo nokusebenza kwayo ngisho nasendaweni eyinselele, umswakama. Thina, njenge-jsylvl, silapha ukukusiza ekutholeni okuhleI-Plywood yephrojekthi yakho yokwakha.
Isikhathi Seposi: Jan-17-2025